Political Research In Islamic World

fa مطالعه تطبیقی نسل‌کشی غیرنظامیان مسیحی و مسلمان به دست یهود در وقایع اخدود و غزه A Comparative Study of the Genocide of Christian and Muslim Civilians by Jewish Actors: The Cases of al-Ukhdūd and Gaza تخصصي Special پژوهشي Research این پژوهش به بررسی تطبیقی نسل‌کشی غیرنظامیان به دست یهود در دو واقعه اخدود و غزه می‌پردازد. هدف اصلی این تحقیق، تحلیل چگونگی وقوع این دو رویداد و شناسایی شباهت‌ها و تفاوت‌های میان آنهاست. لذا سوال اصلی تحقیق این است که نسل‌کشی غیرنظامیان مسیحی و مسلمان به دست یهود در وقایع اخدود و غزه چگونه و با چه انگیزه ها و عللی رخ داده و چه وجوه اشتراکات و تفاوت هایی بین این دو وجود دارد؟ پژوهش با روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی انجام شده و داده‌های آن از منابع تفسیری و تاریخی مرتبط با واقعه اخدود و نیز از گزارش‌های حقوقی ـ انسانی ِمعاصر درباره غزه استخراج شده است. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که یهودیان در گستره تاریخ و دوران معاصر در موارد متعددی نه به‌عنوان قربانی، بلکه به‌عنوان طراحان و عاملان نسل‌کشی عمل کرده‌اند. از جمله در واقعه اخدود، ذونواس یهودی دست به یک نسل‌کشی هدفمند زد و با رویکرد نابودی جامعه موحد نجران، هزاران مومن مسیحی را به دلیل ایمانشان در آتش سوزاند و در وقایع غزه نیز، رژیم صهیونیستی با رویکرد تبعیض قومی و مذهبی، در یک مدت زمان محدود، اقدام به قتل عام بیش از هفتاد هزار غیر نظامی مسلمان و مجروحیت و آوارگی صدها هزار نفر نمود. هر دو واقعه، با وجود تفاوت در زمینه تاریخی، ابزارهای اعمال خشونت و مقیاس پیامدها، از حیث جهت‌گیری حذف‌گرایانه علیه یک جمعیت هدف، قابلیت مقایسه دارند. در اخدود، خشونت در قالب کشتار مستقیم مؤمنان به سبب باور دینی آنان نمود یافته و در غزه، این خشونت صورتی گسترده تر و ساختاری تر یافته و با کشتار مستقیم، آوارگی اجباری و تخریب زیرساخت‌های حیاتی به‌عنوان نسل‌کشی تدریجی شناخته می‌شود. هر دو واقعه اخدود و غزه نشان می‌دهند که ادعای یهودیان مبنی بر قربانی نسل‌کشی بودن، با شواهد تاریخی اقدامات آن‌ها علیه دیگر جوامع سازگاری ندارد.   <div> <table align="left" hspace="0" vspace="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="left" style="padding-top:0cm; padding-right:12px; padding-bottom:0cm; padding-left:12px" valign="top">Introduction Collective violence against civilians is one of the most persistent and complex phenomena in political and social history. Among its various forms, genocide occupies a unique place in international law, political history, and genocide studies because it involves the intentional destruction, in whole or in part, of a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group. The defining characteristic of genocide is not merely mass killing but the specific intent to eliminate a protected group based on its collective identity. This element distinguishes genocide from other forms of political violence. This article comparatively examines two historical and contemporary cases of identity-based violence: the Event of al-Ukhdūd and the events in Gaza. It seeks to analyze the logic of eliminationist violence committed by Jewish actors against Christian and Muslim civilians in two different historical contexts. The central research question is how the genocide of Christian civilians in the Event of al-Ukhdūd and the alleged genocide of Muslim civilians in Gaza occurred, and what similarities and differences exist regarding their causes, motivations, methods, consequences, and responses from the surrounding environment. Despite the historical distance between these two cases, both involve organized violence directed against populations identified primarily by their religious identity. Therefore, comparing these cases contributes to a deeper understanding of recurring patterns of identity-based violence and the evolution of mechanisms of mass atrocities. <div align="center" style="text-align:center"> <hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" ></div> Methodology This research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach based on comparative case-study methodology. Data were collected through documentary and library research. The analysis of the Event of al-Ukhdūd relies on primary Islamic and historical sources, including the Holy Qur’an, classical Qur’anic commentaries, and authoritative historical texts, which provide evidence concerning the political, religious, and social context of the massacre of the Christians of Najrān. The analysis of the Gaza case is based on legal documents, reports of international organizations, publications of internationally recognized human rights organizations, and contemporary academic literature. The comparative analytical framework consists of six principal indicators: <ol> <li>Identity and structure of the perpetrator of violence.</li> <li>Characteristics of the targeted population.</li> <li>Ideological and motivational foundations of violence.</li> <li>Mechanisms and instruments of violence.</li> <li>Scale and consequences of violence.</li> <li>Regional and international reactions.</li> </ol> These indicators provide a systematic basis for comparing two historically distant cases within a common analytical framework. <div align="center" style="text-align:center; text-indent:5.65pt"> <hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" ></div> Findings The findings demonstrate that the Event of al-Ukhdūd represents a clear example of direct, intentional, and identity-based violence against a religious community. Dhū Nuwās, the Jewish ruler of Himyar, ordered the mass killing of the Christians of Najrān after they refused to renounce their faith. The use of burning victims alive in trenches of fire functioned not only as a method of execution but also as a symbolic instrument of terror and religious domination. The victims were targeted because of their religious identity, a characteristic that corresponds with essential elements of genocide relating to the intentional destruction of a protected religious group. The Gaza case illustrates a contemporary form of organized violence characterized by both direct military operations and indirect structural mechanisms. These include prolonged blockade, widespread destruction of civilian infrastructure, attacks on hospitals, schools, and residential areas, forced displacement, and deprivation of essential resources such as food, water, medicine, and fuel. The combination of military force, technological superiority, territorial control, and political support from influential international actors has enabled the continuation of large-scale destruction and civilian suffering. Comparative analysis reveals several common characteristics between the two cases. In both instances, a dominant political authority targeted a vulnerable identity-based population and justified its actions through ideological narratives. In al-Ukhdūd, religious conformity and political obedience served as the principal justification, whereas in Gaza, security and political narratives have been employed to legitimize military operations, siege, and extensive destruction. In both cases, violence extended beyond physical killing to include the systematic destruction or weakening of the targeted community. At the same time, significant differences distinguish the two cases. The Event of al-Ukhdūd occurred within a premodern political order characterized by direct and localized violence. In contrast, Gaza reflects contemporary patterns of warfare involving advanced military technology, economic restrictions, infrastructure destruction, psychological warfare, and extensive international media coverage. The international response also differs substantially, as Gaza has become the subject of ongoing attention by international organizations, human rights institutions, and international judicial bodies. <div align="center" style="text-align:center"> <hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" ></div> Discussion and Conclusion The comparative findings suggest that although the historical contexts differ considerably, both cases exhibit recurring patterns of identity-based collective violence in which a dominant political authority directs systematic violence against a protected religious community. The principal distinction lies in the transformation of methods of violence—from direct physical extermination in the premodern era to multidimensional and structural mechanisms of destruction in the contemporary international system. The study further indicates that modern international legal institutions and global human rights mechanisms have not consistently prevented or effectively halted large-scale violence against civilian populations, despite the existence of legal norms prohibiting genocide and crimes against humanity. Overall, the comparative analysis demonstrates that the Event of al-Ukhdūd and the events in Gaza share important structural characteristics concerning identity-based targeting, ideological justification, and the systematic destruction of civilian communities, while differing substantially in their historical context, instruments of violence, and patterns of international response. The article argues that these historical and contemporary cases contribute to broader discussions concerning genocide, collective violence, and the limitations of international mechanisms for civilian protection. It further concludes that historical evidence of violence committed by Jewish political actors against other religious community's challenges generalized narratives that exclusively portray Jews as historical victims of genocide. </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> نسل‌کشی, کشتار جمعی, واقعه اخدود, فلسطین, وقایع غزه, یهود, رژیم صهیونیستی. Genocide, Mass Killing, Event of al-Ukhdūd, Palestine, Events of Gaza, Jews, Zionist Regime. 47 62 http://priw.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1411-3&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Mohammad Reza Zare Khormizi محمدرضا زارع حورمیزی khormizi@abu.ac.ir 4469312071 10031947532846009121 Yes Assistant Professor, Department of History of Islam, Ahlul Bayt International University, Tehran, Iran. استادیار، گروه تاریخ اسلام، دانشگاه بین‌المللی اهل بیت (ع) تهران، ایران