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Afghanistan has always been the focus of attention of regional and trans-regional powers due to its unique geopolitical and geo-economic position. This mountainous country, without oil and gas resources, strategically acts as a crossroads connecting Central Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, and China, and its location plays a decisive role in security competitions and economic interests. In this context, Afghanistan can become an important transit corridor for goods, energy, and communication networks from intracontinental routes to Pakistan, India, and the open waters; A capability that, if provided with security and effective policymaking, contributes to economic growth and a reduction in external dependencies. The article also examines the history of Afghanistan as a "buffer" between great powers from the era of empires to the Cold War era, and shows that developments such as the collapse of the Soviet :union: and then international attention after the events of September 11, placed the country's position back at the center of global equations. Along with these factors, the role of regional actors, especially Pakistan, has been highlighted as one of the factors influencing the crises and the path of developments in Afghanistan.

Keywords: External challenge, Afghanistan, security, crisis, regional consequences.

     

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